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Saint-Domingue was a society seething with hatred, with white colonists and black slaves frequently coming into violent conflict. The poor whites couldn't stand the rich whites, the rich whites despised the poor whites, the middle-class whites were jealous of the aristocratic whites, the whites born in France looked down upon the locally born whites, mulattoes envied the whites, despised the blacks and were despised by the whites; free Negroes brutalized those who were still slaves, Haitian born blacks regarded those from Africa as savages. After the establishment of the French First Republic, the National Assembly made radical changes to French laws and, on 26 August 1789, published the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, declaring all men free and equal. He began to rule the country as an effectively autonomous entity. In terms of looking at the revolution as a whole, we should consider the case of Haiti because it is important in the broader context of the American and French revolutions. [105] The next French commander who tried to assault the ditch was General Charles Dugua, joined shortly afterwards by the column commanded by Leclerc. Du Bois said that the Haitian Revolution was an economic pressure without which the British parliament would not have accepted abolitionism as readily. In 1789 the French Revolution began with a cry for Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. Revolutions Podcast Update: The End is Nigh? [63] By this point, it was well known that service in the West Indies was virtually a death sentence. Lulu Garcia-Navarro talks with Brooklyn College professor Jean-Eddy Saint Paul about the country's history. [61][62] The American journalist James Perry notes that the great irony of the British campaign in Saint-Domingue was that it ended as a complete debacle, costing the British treasury millions of pounds and the British military thousands upon thousands of dead, all for nothing. [106] The French had won, but they had lost 2,000 dead against an opponent whom they held in contempt on racial grounds, believing all blacks to be stupid and cowardly, and furthermore, that it was shortages of food and ammunition that forced the Haitians to retreat, not because of any feats of arms by the French army. I spent a whole period of time being really into the Russian Revolution. While the exiles found themselves in a peaceful situation in the United Statessafe from the violence raging in both France and Haititheir presence complicated the already precarious diplomatic relations among Britain, France, and the U.S. Slave quarters were built on the lowest part of the property where there was no wind or ventilation, and there was excessive heat and it was very crowded. Boyer with 20,000 troops marched into Cap-Hatien, the northern capital, shortly afterward to establish his power over all of Haiti. [15] Saint-Domingue was the most profitable French colony in the world, indeed one of the most profitable of all the European colonies in the 18th century. [14] They used the threat and acts of physical violence to maintain control and suppress efforts at rebellion. Mulatto domination of politics and economics, and urban life after the revolution, created a different kind of two-caste society, as most Haitians were rural subsistence farmers. You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post. The gens de couleur were seeing their chance for citizenship and equality because they couldnt practice certain professions and had to be separate in public spaces, and they also couldnt marry whites. [126] Those that possessed skills outside of plantation work, like craftsmanship and artisans, were exempt from this ordinance. In 1789, there was a population of 40,000 whites and 500,000 slaves. "[123] Haiti was the first independent nation in Latin America, the first post-colonial independent black-led nation in the world, and the only nation whose independence was gained as part of a successful slave rebellion. [24], On 1 January 1804, from the city of Gonaves, Dessalines officially declared the former colony's independence, renaming it "Haiti" after the indigenous Arawak name. . Now: The Russian Revolution Next: ??? [154] American slaveholders, in particular, commiserated with the French planters who had been forcibly removed from their plantations in Saint-Domingue. [6][7], The revolution's effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas. Although he lasted from 1804 to 1806, several changes began taking place in Haiti. 100 plantations were established between 1700 and 1704. Ed. [126] Furthermore, he proclaimed the mastery of the state over the individual and consequently ordered that all laborers would be bound to a plantation. ), Following Dessaline's assassination, another of Toussaint's black generals, Henri Christophe, succeeded his in control of the north, while Alexandre Ption presided over mulatto rule in the south. 07 December 2015 at 11:08 AM. [82] The French commander, the mulatto General Alexandre Ption, proved to be an excellent artilleryman, who used the guns of his fort to sink two of the three ships-of-the-line under Admiral Hyde Parker in the harbour, before turning his guns to the British forces; a French sortie led to a rout of the British, and Forbes retreated back to Port-au-Prince. [27][28][pageneeded] Louverture wrote a constitution for a new society in Saint-Domingue that abolished slavery. [39] Rian Johnson was listening to the History of Rome podcast as he was writing the script for Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Dcolonisations - Hati Mar 26, 2023. [109], Haiti's first head of state Jean-Jacques Dessalines called Polish people "the White Negroes of Europe", which was then regarded a great honor, as it meant brotherhood between Poles and Haitians. Many plantations had large concentrations of slaves from a particular region of Africa, and it was therefore somewhat easier for these groups to maintain elements of their culture, religion, and language. The series covered the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia, the July Revolution, the Revolutions of 1848, the Paris Commune, the Mexican Revolution, and finally the Russian Revolution, ending its run of narrative episodes in July 2022. [19], The larger groups of runaway slaves who lived in the hillside woods away from white control often conducted violent raids on the island's sugar and coffee plantations. [53], By 1792, slave rebels controlled a third of Saint-Domingue. The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The unrest in Haiti moved France to send various agents there to try to quell the uprising. They werent very organized, and they werent very well equipped. 03 April 2017 at 04:01 AM, love the map, always have one open anyways when listening, Posted by: On the night of 30 November 1803, 8,000 French soldiers and hundreds of white civilians boarded the British ships to take them away. [83] Under a storm of artillery, the Haitians placed ladders on the walls and were driven back four times, with heavy losses. [35], In July 2022, Duncan released, through his Revolutions podcast, a one-man table read of a script he created for a proposed Marquis de Lafayette TV show. [124][125] The country, therefore, had to be rebuilt. As in other French colonial societies, a class of free people of color had developed after centuries of French rule here. Slavery sustained sugar production under harsh conditions; diseases such as malaria (brought from Africa) and yellow fever caused high mortality, thriving in the tropical Caribbean climate. Do not worry about the liberty of your fellow citizens". [20], The majority of the slaves were Yoruba from what is now modern Nigeria, Fon from what is now Benin, and Kongo from the Kingdom of Kongo in what is now modern northern Angola and the western Congo. Paul B. Miller, "Enlightened Hesitations: Black Masses and Tragic Heroes in C. L. R. James's The Black Jacobins". Duncan drew inspiration for the Revolutions podcast out of a deep personal interest from his teenage years: "When I was really getting into history when I was a teenager, the American Revolution was my favorite period of American history. Most historians classify the people of the era into three groups: The first group were white colonists, or les blancs. However, the Poles were told that there was a revolt of prisoners in Saint-Domingue. Upon arrival and the first fights, the Polish platoon soon discovered that what was actually taking place in the colony was a rebellion of slaves fighting off their French masters for their freedom. [16] As slaves had no legal rights, rape by planters, their unmarried sons, or overseers was a common occurrence on the plantations. The Haitian Revolution. Popkin, Jeremy D. 'You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery. Haiti's troubles go back more than a century. On one occasion, President Alexandre Petion protected Jamaican slaves from re-enslavement after they escaped their plantation and landed in the southern city of Jrmie. Posted by: He sent a general, who tricked Toussaint LOuverture, arrested him, and shipped him off to France where he eventually died in prison, but the revolution did not end. Its also highly profitable, so more and more plantations were established, and more and more slaves were imported. Fearing a return of French forces, Dessalines first expanded and maintained a significant military force. In 1791 the slaves of the French colony of Sant-Domingue rose up against their colonial masters and after a long and bloody struggle, defeated them to found the state of Haiti. Reportedly, he also ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings, especially men of mixed-race, so that blame would not rest solely on the black population. In April 1791, a massive black insurgency in the north of the island rose violently against the plantation system, setting a precedent of resistance to racial slavery. From that ceremony, they set out and attacked plantations, burn them down, and kill all of the white planters they came across. [104] Captain Marcus Rainsford, a British Army officer who visited Saint-Domingue observed the training of the Haitian Army, writing: "At a whistle, a whole brigade ran three or four hundred yards, and then, separating, threw themselves flat on the ground, changing to their backs and sides, and all the time keeping up a strong fire until recalledThis movement is executed with such facility and precision as totally to prevent cavalry from charging them in bushy and hilly country". Partly a consequence of the French Revolution and partly a backlash against the brutality of slave owners, it turned into a complex struggle involving not just the residents of the island but French, English and Spanish forces. "The Haitian revolution and the limit of freedom: defining citizenship in the revolutionary era". [79] The overall forces in St Domingue was at that time under the command of the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, Sir Adam Williamson. [13] Many freedmen were also artisans and overseers, or domestic servants in the plantation houses. France's transformation was most influential in Europe, and Haiti's influence spanned every location that continued to practice slavery. The Royal Navy squadrons soon blockaded the French-held ports of Cap Franais and Mle-Saint-Nicolas on the Northern coast of the French colony. [25] In an interview with the Washington Post Worldview, Duncan claimed his aim for the book was to "pull back two generations [from the time of Caesar] and ask, 'What was it that opened the cracks in the foundation of the Republic? But today we proclaim it to the universe, and generations to come will glory in this decree; we are proclaiming universal liberty We are working for future generations; let us launch liberty into the colonies; the English are dead, today.[70]. [86] Rigaud took control of Jeremie without any cost to his forces, as Maitland withdrew his southern forces to Jamaica. The constitution of 1793 never went into effect, but that of 1795 did; it lasted until it was replaced by the consular and imperial constitutions under Napoleon Bonaparte. While acknowledging the cross-influences, most contemporary historians[who?] Obliged", "Who Paid for That Mansion? Posted by: Those who refused were slaughtered. Tear up the roads with shot; throw corpses and horses into all the foundations, burn and annihilate everything in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of the hell which they deserve". For purposes of simplicity, were going to refer to the colony as Haiti here. In addition, in early 1791, some of the gens de couleur tried to use force to get their citizenship and equality of rights. During his reign, nearly 10% of able-bodied men were in active service resulting in a military force of up to 37,000 men. The existence of slavery in Enlightened society was an incongruity that had been left unaddressed by European scholars prior to the French Revolution. In the end of 1798, Maitland withdrew the last of his forces from Mole St Nicholas, as Toussaint took command of the fortress. [77], At this point, Pitt decided to launch what he called "the great push" to conquer Saint-Domingue and the rest of the French West Indies, sending out the largest expedition Britain had yet mounted in its history, a force of about 30,000 men to be carried in 200 ships. He was a former slave; he had been a coachman for the manager of a plantation. This is an episode index for Mike Duncan's fabulous Revolutions Podcast. It struggled a little bit, but Napoleons plan ultimately failed. "Haitian Revolution." [72] After arriving in the West Indies in February 1794, Grey chose to conquer Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadeloupe. 15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. Also, on the French side, none of the colonies were making as much money as Haiti, so they were trying to maintain control even while there was a lot of turmoil in France. Cities and commercial centers were moved to the interior of the country, while less important ones were kept to the coast, so they could be burnt down completely to discourage the French; many commentators believe that this over militarization contributed to many of Haiti's future problems. King Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir in 1685 in an attempt to regulate such violence and the treatment of slaves in general in the colony, but masters openly and consistently broke the code. During the 18th century, local legislation reversed parts of it. [114], Dessalines matched Rochambeau in his vicious cruelty. [161] In the Caribbean, total casualties totaled approximately 162,000. Posted by: Much of Caribbean economic development in the 18th century was contingent on Europeans' demand for sugar. Find the Data. It seems to have been a rather slow burning spark between 1789 and 1791. The French historian Paul Fregosi wrote: "Whites, mulattos and blacks loathed each other. Beginning during the slave insurrections of 1791, white refugees from Saint-Domingue fled to the United States, particularly to Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, and Charleston. The French colony of Saint-Domingue was the single most lucrative colony in the New World. [107] Under the terms of surrender, Leclerc gave his solemn word that slavery would not be restored in Saint-Domingue, that blacks could be officers in the French Army, and that the Haitian Army would be allowed to integrate into the French Army. [23], Many of these conflicts involved slaves who had escaped the plantations. Main, Here is a link to the map if you don't like the embed: The July Revolution Map. All of the slaves worked the land, men and women alike. [105] During the battle, Toussaint personally took part in the fighting to lead his men in charges against the French. "The 1802 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic and the Louisiana Purchase". [19][pageneeded]. Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804. [137], The nascent state's future was hobbled in 1825 when France under Charles X forced it (with French warships anchored off the coast during the negotiations[138]) to pay 150 million gold francs in reparations to French ex-slaveholdersas a condition of French political recognition and to end the newly formed state's political and economic isolation. [135] In the 1805 constitution that declared all its citizens as black,[136] it specifically mentions the naturalizations of German and Polish peoples enacted by the government, as being exempt from Article XII that prohibited whites ("non-Haitians;" foreigners) from owning land. When the uprising started, it was basically guerilla warfare. On 8 October 1803, the French abandoned Port-au-Prince as Rochambeau decided to concentrate what was left of his army at Le Cap. also separate it from the earlier armed conflicts by free men of color who were seeking expansion of political rights for themselves, but not the abolition of slavery. [91], After the departure of the British, Toussaint turned his attention to Rigaud, who was conspiring against him in the south of Saint Domingue. Posted by: A weekly podcasting exploring great political revolutions. The remaining French settlers were forced to leave the island. Also Place Hotel de Ville. Toussaint defeated a British expeditionary force in 1798. The Declaration was ambiguous as to whether this equality applied to women, slaves, or citizens of the colonies, and thus influenced the desire for freedom and equality in Saint-Domingue. The French constitutions of 1793 and 1795 both included the abolition of slavery. [176] Yet Sonthonax was one of the few contenders who truly pushed for the independence of the African slaves and became a major factor in Toussaint's decision of declaring independence from France. This belief system implicitly rejected the Africans' status as slaves.[22]. [146], Historians continue to debate the importance of the Haitian Revolution. The gens de couleur are interesting: they were the products of white plantation owner fathers and slave mothers. There were large differences in governance between Petion's republic, and what would eventually become Christophe's kingdom. Revolutions aired from 15 September 2013 to 3 July 2022. "The Haitian Revolution." 09 December 2015 at 05:24 PM. In addition to podcasting, Duncan is the author of two historical books. [164] Just as the French were successful in transforming their society, so were the Haitians. [127] Furthermore, Dessalines ordered the construction of massive fortifications throughout the island, like the Citadelle Laferrire, the largest fortress in the Western Hemisphere. [144] Mexican nationalists, Francisco Javier Mina and Jos Joaqun de Herrera took asylum in Les Cayes and were welcomed by Petion during Mexico's War of Independence. [122] His secretary Boisrond-Tonnerre stated, "For our declaration of independence, we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen! Appendix 1- Coming Full Circle. Now: The French Revolution. [83] As the human and financial costs of the expedition mounted, people in Britain demanded a withdrawal from Saint-Domingue, which was devouring money and soldiers, while failing to produce the expected profits. [83][85], In July 1797, Simcoe and Maitland sailed to London to advise a total withdrawal from Saint-Domingue. [43] One such sign was the action of the French revolutionary government to grant citizenship to wealthy free people of color in May 1791. [82] As more ships arrived with British troops, more soldiers died of yellow fever. 07 December 2015 at 01:41 AM. The independence of Haiti was a major blow to France and its colonial empire, but the French state would take several decades to recognize the loss of the colony. Direct Link: 4.01- Saint-Domingue. Given that, what was the social and economic landscape of Haiti in the years leading up to the revolution? But within weeks, the number of slaves who joined the revolt in the north reached 100,000. [105] While Toussaint took to the field, he left Dessalines in command of Crte--Pierrot, who from his fastness could see three French columns converging on the fort. A ragtag force of slaves managed to unify Haiti, defeat Europes most powerful army and become the first country in Latin America to gain independence, second only to the United States in the Americas as a whole. Others fled to towns, to blend in with urban slaves and freed blacks who often migrated to those areas for work. The Haitian Revolution. Under the military leadership of Toussaint, the former slaves succeeded in winning concessions from the British and expelled the Spanish forces. of this text. The country was damaged from years of war, its agriculture devastated, its formal commerce nonexistent. There was growing frustration between the workers, the elites, and Dessalines. D | Haiti: Our Revolution Continues. "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint Louverture's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States," William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (Jan. 2009), 87124. A top critic who significantly drove Toussaint into fear of backlash from France was Sonthonax, who was responsible for many outlooks of Haiti in the French newspapers. He believes the greatest difference between America and Rome is that compared to Rome, America has only spent a short time on the world stage. [155] Other planters, however, were confident they had the situation under control.[156]. [114] Bonaparte, hearing that most of his army in Saint-Domingue had died of yellow fever and the French held only Port-au-Prince, Le Cap, and Les Cayes, sent about 20,000 reinforcements to Rochambeau. On 29 August 1793, Sonthonax proclaimed the abolition of slavery in the northern province. [115], Women and children were generally killed last. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. [71] The British lost about 300 soldiers, and Rigaud's forces took no prisoners, executing any British soldier or sailor who surrendered. The British force that landed in Saint-Domingue in 1793 was too small to conquer the colony, being capable only of holding only few coastal enclaves. The role of Bois Caiman, Boukman, and Vodou generally, would become the subject of a controversial, discredited neo-evangelical theology in the 1990s that insisted that Haiti was pledged to the devil during the Revolution. The U.S. [145] The Greeks later received support from President Boyer during their fight against the Ottomans. In addition, the French employed cruel punishment techniques. [131][132] The massacrewhich took place in the entire territory of Haitiwas carried out from early February 1804 until 22 April 1804. "Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions." [12] Each season was dedicated to one revolution or revolutionary wave and discussed the revolution through a chronological narrative approach, as in his podcast The History of Rome, but the shorter time periods and longer episode length for each season allowed greater detail for individual events. The Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, What You Already Know About the Origins of WWI, Long Live the Bolsheviks Death to the Communists. [95] According to the Encyclopedia of African American Politics, "Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died, as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers. Louverture abandoned the Spanish Army in the east and brought his forces over to the French side on 6 May 1794 after the Spanish refused to take steps to end slavery.[100]. Such an interesting revolution. In the north of the country, the French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap Franais and Mle-Saint-Nicolas and a few smaller settlements, all supplied by a French naval force based primarily at Cap Franais.

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