pottery mark identification appghana lotto prediction

They were reintroduced four years later. A maximum 124 men and 46 women may qualify. Bobsleds have two sets of runners that make contact with the ice. At first glance, you may not think there are many differences between bobsleigh, luge and skeleton. Riders in the sledding events reach their fast speeds because of the conversion of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy. Here, find out what the differences&nbsp;are between the three of them. The Winter Olympic Games are a large quadrennial international multi-sport event that takes place on snow or ice every four years. By moving their head and shoulders or flexing their calves, athletes can turn the luge. <>>> Getting that push from the start often means athletes from other sports are invited to join the team. New research shows that it is possible. All the athletes start at the same height and go down the same track. Monobob has been added to the Games for women's competition. In doubles, its two runs on one day. One thing to watch for in skeleton is the artwork the sliders like to put on top of their helmets. U.S. Olympic sprinter Lolo Jones was added to the womens bobsled roster ahead of the 2014 Olympics and won gold at the 2021 world championships with driver Kaillie Humphries. By moving their head and shoulders or flexing their calves, athletes can turn the luge. "The craziest part about going down is the G-force you're hitting in some of these tight corners," Canadian slider Reid Watts told the CBC in 2018. Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. As the name suggests, only one woman will be in the sled. In singles, each slider gets four runs over two days. With speeds of 80 mph and higher, the sliding sports are among the fastest and most treacherous at the Winter Olympics. They can reach speeds in the upper 80s. Final times are calculated by adding four runs together. Speed alone may be the factor that draws many sports fans to the bobsled, luge and skeleton events at this years Beijing Winter Olympics. The luge competitions at the 2022 Winter Olympics will be held at the Yanqing National Sliding Centre, located northwest of Beijing in the Xiaohaituo mountain area. Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. '17,MR0gRZ[ 6Nqc&MqzleqyS_^SJF'6I+DBsMwOy h}yU PM|y|4zo-:\M{l7 O 9!g"28"`O,U4 ~h>~yTR~DVcZLD==z=? Much of the excitement of a luge run is easy to miss the athletes movements are often too small to notice as they fly by looking like nothing more than a blur on your television. In the relay, a single woman, single man and a doubles team each take turns going down the track. % Tracks for sliding events like the Olympic track from the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics drop hundreds of feet and feature many tight turns. On the other hand,In skeleton,the racerdoes not start in the sled and instead runs for around 40 meters before plunging face-first into the sled for the remainder of the ride. Part of Bolavip US since September 2020. The Winter Games have beenheld in twelve countries across three continents -four times in the United States, three times in France, and twice each in Austria, Canada, Japan, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland. One obvious candidate: Togo, the sled dog who was arguably more essential in the Nome serum run but has been long overshadowed by Balto, because Balto led the final leg of the relay. The more aerodynamic an athlete or team is, the greater the speed. Getting that push from the start often means athletes from other sports are invited to join the team. Emily Sweeney of United States speeds down the track during her first run of the Luge World Cup women race in Sigulda, Latvia, Sunday, Jan. 9, 2022. The top man (in the front), grabs on the start bars. Steering can be done either by shifting body weight, using the calves to change the direction of the runners -- the blades that contact the track -- or by pulling on the handles that the slider holds onto. Luge is the French word for "sled." There are actually two types of luge: natural track and artificial track. Downward-facing skeleton riders do the same. So the difference between gold and a . Viewers will have to pay close attention to the athletes on those fast-moving sleds to detect the interesting facets of physics in action. In singles, each slider gets four runs over two days. Athletes lay on a flat sled over steel runners, which are sharper than on a luge sled. The basic goal of the sliding sports at the Winter Olympics - luge, skeleton and bobsled - is the same. The sleds for all the events sit onsteel blades called runners. Copyright 2023 NBCUniversal Media, LLC. To minimize drag from the air, luge riders who are face up lie as flat as possible. When athletes enter a turn at 80 mph (129 kph) they experience accelerations that can reach five times that of normal gravitational acceleration. The reason a flying baseball will shatter the glass if it hits a window is that the ball transfers its kinetic energy to the glass. People who only witness the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton once every four years think they are all the same. Much what determines who wins comes at the start. And these mistakes are tough to correct at the high accelerations and forces of a run. Much what determines who wins comes at the start. The PyeongChang Olympic Sliding Centre, which hosted the 2018 Olympics, cost an estimated $114.5 million to construct. Peacock provides live stream coverage of every single competition from the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. The track is then sprayed with water to create the approximate 2-inch (5-centimeter) surface of ice. There is only one run, with the time starting when the first slider goes and ending when the final slider touches the paddle. Luge certainly qualifies as one of the lesser known Olympic sports, even though its been held every four years since 1964. The person or team with the fastest combined time in each event is the winner. Aerodynamics Most tracks are around a mile long (1.6 km), and the athletes cover that distance in just under a. 3 0 obj Unlike bobsled, the sliders body is completely exposed to the elements. Some sports have been phased out and then resurrected, such as curling and bobsleigh, while others have been fully wiped out. As part of the effort toward equal opportunities for women, the new event of monobob has been added just on the womens side in 2022. The track, which was built over the past several years just for these Olympics, will host all races for luge, bobsleigh and skeleton. Heres why. There are no doubles or team competitions in skeleton, only mens singles and womens singles. Besides being as aerodynamic as possible, the other major difference between a fast and a slow run is the path riders take. Besides being as aerodynamic as possible, the other major difference between a fast and a slow run is the path riders take. Even a tiny head movement can cause the skeleton to move off the optimal path. xY[OI~G?{{(BL 0`]EC 6cdwv!T}c? One thing to watch for in skeleton is the artwork the sliders like to put on top of their helmets. Luge athletes average speeds of between 120 and 145 km/h and Beijing 2022 will see 12 medals on offer across men's singles, doubles, women's singles and the team relay events. How does the skeleton track compare to other venues? Even a tiny head movement can cause the skeleton to move off the optimal path. The two events on the skeleton programme are men's singles and women's singles. 2 0 obj Bobsled is the original sliding sport, making its debut at the inaugural Winter Olympics in 1924. ?<=b{{t8{12n*bUF;~aCmv3.g583W1YWVlS~ww>evwMmVU\>,Yh^V:hR{>=,;TZ;dTK Uy)_W5B&1 Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton all seem quite identical to people who watch them once every four years. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. %PDF-1.5 Michael Norman wins the men's 400-meter final during the 2022 USATF Outdoor Championships on June 25, 2022 in Eugene, Oregon. However, on closer inspection, these three disciplines have significant differences that make each competition a unique, nail-biting thrill-fest. As for the construction of the tracks, those cost even more. (AP Photo/Roman Koksarov), Cloudy and cool week ahead with rain chances peaking on Thursday, Rules of the game: Explaining the Olympic alpine skiing events, Rules of the game: 10 hockey terms to know, Rules of the game: Olympic curling explained. So the difference between gold and a disappointing result comes not from gravity and potential energy, but from a fast start, being as aerodynamic as possible and taking the shortest path down the track. The track is 1,615 meters in length, with 16 curves and plenty of different angles and slopes. After gaining speed over the first 50 meters or so with a running start, athletes slide down the track in a sitting posture on a high-sided sled. Watts first tried luge when he was just 9 years old and will be representing Canada in Beijing in 2022. Aerodynamics Most tracks are around a mile long (1.6 km), and the athletes cover that distance in just under a. The track, which was built over the past several years just for these Olympics, will host all races for luge, bobsleigh and skeleton. Speeds are known to reach more than 90 mph. While the Olympics officially ended demonstration sports in 1992, a century of unique offerings made us rethink what athletic competition could be. Two weeks before the start of the 1964 Innsbruck Games, a slider from the British luge team died on the luge track during a practice run. The basic goal of the sliding sports at the Winter Olympics - luge, skeleton and bobsled - is the same. Correll, who was born with caudal regression syndrome, a condition which . While gravity pulls the athletes and their sleds downhill, they are constantly colliding with air particles that create a force called air drag, which pushes back on the athletes and sleds in a direction opposite to their velocity. The Winter Olympics have developed since its inception. The front rider pulls onrings attached to pulleys that turn the front runners. Alpine skiing, freestyle skiing, skeleton, short track speed skating, luge, and snowboarding have all been added to the Olympic program, with some of them earning permanent berths. While there is a two-man luge, bobsled is the only one of the three that is exclusively a team sport, with two- and four-man teams. The track is 1,615 meters in length, with 16 curves and. For the level of danger sliders face on each run, the amount of protective gear they wear is shockingly sparse. Bobsleigh, luge and skeleton are among the most thrilling events to watch at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing with riders hurtling along 3.1km ice tracks at speeds of around 90mph. Emily Sweeney of United States speeds down the track during her first run of the Luge World Cup women race in Sigulda, Latvia, Sunday, Jan. 9, 2022. Sports is war minus the shooting, said George Orwell. Skeleton is a lot like luge, except, from an outside perspective, it is somehow even more terrifying. Athletes traverse the course with finesse, shifting their weight and angling their descent to turn turns as quickly as possible while retaining speed and momentum. It entered in 1964, 38 years after skeleton and 40 years after bobsleigh. For years there have been three disciplines two-man, four-man and two-woman. To steer, sliders can use their knees or shoulder to put pressure on corners of the sled, use bodyweight shifts or tap their toes on the ice. If they minimize the total length taken by their sleds and avoid zigzagging across the track, riders will cover less distance. To start the race, the rider rocks back and forth to launch themselves down the track. If that's the case for you with luge, skeleton, and bobsleigh, we can help you tell the difference between them. . But each sport, among the fastest at the Games, has its unique characteristics, one of which will be adding a new event for 2022. The slider holds onto a pair of handles to launch themselves on the the course before lying on their back on the sled. There are fewer than two dozen artificial luge tracks in the world. Most tracks are around a mile long (1.6 km), and the athletes cover that distance in just under a minute. His sled finished seventh. The person or team with the fastest combined time in each event is the winner. In this sport, which may be the most recognizable of the three, athletes are sitting in a sled that is kind of shaped like a pill. There is also a tricky 360-degree turn that athletes will have to navigate. The slider holds onto a pair of handles to launch themselves on the the course before lying on their back on the sled. Luge competition format: The luge men's singles, doubles, women's singles and team relay competitions will take place from 5 February - 10 February 2022 at the Yanqing National Sliding Centre. Skeleton riders lack these controls and mustflex the sleditself using their shoulders and knee to initiate a turn. The driver at the front controls the direction. The athlete at the front of the sled is steering with ropes, and the person in the back is in charge of the brakes. Once they're going, the sled hits impressive speeds. Olympic luge is kunstbahn, and it's not for the meek. Following the races, the top three competitors in each field will be recognized during a medal ceremony on the track. That is what casual viewers are familiar with, but there is a new wrinkle in 2022. The track is designed to go downhill slightly so gravity can pull the athlete and sled down the track. In the relay, a single woman, single man and a doubles team each take turns going down the track. Austrian racer Manuel Pfister set a record before the 2010 Olympics when he hit 96 miles per hour. All rights reserved. The women's monobob, in which riders negotiate the course in a single sitting bob, will make its Olympic appearance for the first time. Watch all the action from the Beijing Olympics live on NBC. on Facebook, Share Do Olympic bobsled and luge athletes actually do anything? Whether in a team of two or four, bobsled riders stay tucked tightly inside the sled to reduce the area available for air to smash into. Cookie Policy Everyone else is pretty much there for the ride except the person in the back who pulls the brake at the end of the run. Every time the Olympics roll around, the world is treated to a series of sports that most people know nothing about. As part of the effort toward equal opportunities for women, the new event of monobob has been added just on the womens side in 2022. The driver at the front controls the direction. As part of the effort toward equal opportunities for women, the new event of monobob has been added just on the womens side in 2022. Luge is the only sport where the participant begins in a sled. In four-man, mixed-gender crews have been allowed since 2014, but since more weight is typically desirable in a sled, this option is rarely used. It features 16 curves (turns) including the world's first 360-degree Kreisel turn ("kreisel" is the loose German translation for "circle"). endobj There is no running start here. There are only 16 artificial luge tracks in the world with two in the United States. The sled, like in luge, has no brakes and is steered by angling the body. 5NbiPtl r:m=F$FN#\ikul{un /YK!=&-"cx|(aNrfOaJ[gFoZ7Ik[73gK4iqf)/=v18]fm'. Follow us on Instagram,Twitter,Pinterest,YouTube,TikTok, andSnapchat. Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. Come along for the ride! So, there's no advantage to well-funded teams that can get the top-of-the-line sled. Bobsled is the original sliding sport, making its debut at the inaugural Winter Olympics in 1924. The basic goal of the sliding sports at the Winter Olympics - luge, skeleton and bobsled - is the same. Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. Runners on luge sleds have curved bows at the front where riders place their calves. That can mean serious injury if they crash at speeds approaching 90 mph. Photo by Clive Mason/Getty Images Sport/Getty Images, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Bobsleigh, for its part, has the longest Olympic tradition of all the sliding sports, having featured on every Winter Olympics programme (bar one) since the inception of the Games. Former NFL running back Herschel Walker was on the U.S. 2-man bobsled team at the 1992 Olympics in Albertville, France. So, itll cost you a pretty penny if youre looking to break into the luge game. The types of artificial luge tracks used in the Olympics are tremendous structures that embody a lot of technology. This year's races are taking place at the Yanqing National Sliding Center. Any body positioning mistakes can make athletes less aerodynamic and lead to tiny increases in time that can cost them a medal. 15 February 2006. endobj Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. A bobsled is shaped sort of like a canoe with an extended opening. The basic goal of the sliding sports at the Winter Olympics - luge, skeleton and bobsled - is the same. Bobsleigh is traditionally more of a team sport at the Winter Olympics, with two-man and four-man competitions, as well as two-woman events taking their place on the programme. "I'm like one to two pounds heavier," he said. <> Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. Copy a link to the article entitled http://Do%20Olympic%20bobsled%20and%20luge%20athletes%20actually%20do%20anything? A product from Futbol Sites. Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. But each sport, among the fastest at the Games, has its unique characteristics, one of which will be adding a new event for 2022. The most interesting part of this version is that the athletes use the same sled. Racers angle their bodies to control the sled. Read the original article. Skeleton competitors begin their runs by jogging for around 40 meters before taking a head-first prone posture and sliding down the track at speeds of over 130 km/h. While athletes dont compete on the track together at the same time, they are timed on their way down and whoever has the fastest overall time is awarded as the winner. Skeleton competition format: The Negaunee track is 812.8 meters with 29 curves, making it the only full-length natural luge course in the country. Another key difference is that athletes start on the sled at the beginning of the run. If they minimize the total length taken by their sleds and avoid zigzagging across the track, riders will cover less distance. in the Viking regions, and the first reference to sled racing came out of Norway in 1480. Everyone has the same aerodynamics. It features a steering system that can be manipulated by the driver, unlike skeleton and luge. All three sports involve taking a sled down a steep, icy tube at terrifying speeds. Improper steering may lead to bad turns that cost riders time. Slide down to the bottom of the banked, narrow, iced track faster than your competition. Gravitational potential energy represents stored energy and increases as an object is raised farther from Earths surface. Luge takes place in singles and doubles, with athletes lying on their back aboard a flat, brakeless sled. Athletes must have elbow and knee pads ($20 to $30), speed suits ($150 to $350), gloves ($25 to $65), spikes ($30 to $50), booties ($100 to $160) and a sled ($800 and $1,000 for a new one). The luge men's singles, doubles, women's singles and team relay competitions will take place from 5 February - 10 February 2022 at the Yanqing National Sliding Centre. U.S. Olympic sprinter Lolo Jones was added to the womens bobsled roster ahead of the 2014 Olympics and won gold at the 2021 world championships with driver Kaillie Humphries. The basic goal of the sliding sports at the Winter Olympics - luge, skeleton and bobsled - is the same. The basic goal of the sliding sports at the Winter Olympics - luge, skeleton and bobsled - is the same. The Muskegon track is just 259 meters long with only six curves. So the difference between gold and a disappointing result comes not from gravity and potential energy, but from a fast start, being as aerodynamic as possible and taking the shortest path . In singles, each slider gets four runs over two days. Despite the fact that all three sports take place on a sled in an ice tube, the sports&nbsp;are vastly different. Skeleton is your sport. All the athletes start at the same height and go down the same track. on LinkedIn. With speeds of 80 mph and higher, the bobsled, luge and skeleton are among the fastest and most treacherous at the Beijing Winter Olympics. Former NFL running back Herschel Walker was on the U.S. 2-man bobsled team at the 1992 Olympics in Albertville, France. Though, the fastest speed recorded was about 125 miles per hour. He flew off the track and into a metal pole. It's a one-person bobsled run. The Mt. (AP Photo/Roman Koksarov), Tobias Wendl and Tobias Arlt of Germany hits the target during the team relay race at the Luge World Cup event in Sigulda, Latvia, Sunday, Jan. 10, 2021. on Twitter, Share Do Olympic bobsled and luge athletes actually do anything? In doubles, its two runs on one day. 4 0 obj A total of 106 quota spots are available for athletes to qualify to compete in luge at the Games. Privacy Statement Gravity is what powers the sleds down the ice-covered tracks in bobsled, luge and skeleton events. Sign up for NBC Bay Areas Housing Deconstructed newsletter. Getting that push from the start often means athletes from other sports are invited to join the team. At the 2022 Games, there will be men's singles, women's singles and a doubles competition, plus a team relay. The race begins with the racer running and diving headfirst onto their sled like you used to do with that saucer at the big hill down the street. Racers are dealing with a lot of kinetic energy and strong forces. One thing to watch for in skeleton is the artwork the sliders like to put on top of their helmets. Its about using every possible advantage. Share Do Olympic bobsled and luge athletes actually do anything? That can mean serious injury if they crash at speeds approaching 90 mph. When athletes enter a turn at 80 mph (129 kph) they experience accelerations that can reachfive times that of normal gravitational acceleration. At the 2022 Games, there will be men's singles, women's singles and a doubles competition, plus a team relay. This is especially true when it comes to luge and bobsleigh doubles competitions. In bobsleigh, athletes steer using ropes inside the sleigh. Everyone else is pretty much there for the ride except the person in the back who pulls the brake at the end of the run. Next up, luge, skeleton and bobsleigh. Unlike bobsled, the sliders body is completely exposed to the elements. The polyethylene also has much the same speed profile as ice. Each slider gets a total of four runs over two days, with the fastest combined time winning the gold. A total of 106 quota spots are available for athletes to qualify to compete in luge at the Games. A maximum of 170 quota spots are available to athletes to compete in bobsleigh at the Games. When each gets to the bottom, the slider must reach up and hit an overhead paddle to open the gate at the top, allowing the next slider to go. John Eric Goff is a physics professor at the University of Lynchburg. With speeds of 80 mph and higher, the sliding sports are among the fastest and most treacherous at the Winter Olympics. Could you explain the difference between slopestyle and Big Air? Gravitational potential energy represents stored energy and increases as an object is raised farther from Earths surface. However, for the first time ever, the women's monobob - where riders navigate the course in a single seated bob - will make its debut at the Games. (AP Photo/Roman Koksarov), Mayor, Common Council and other elected leaders in Buffalo could see 12% pay increase, Police investigating pawn shop robbery in Cheektowaga, A long extended period of cool and showery weather looms for Western New York, Rules of the game: Explaining the Olympic alpine skiing events, Rules of the game: 10 hockey terms to know, Rules of the game: Olympic curling explained. The sleds for all the events sit on steel blades called runners. In addition to simply not having to go as far to cross the finish line, shortening the path means facing less drag from air and losing less speed from friction with the track. Lugers face the elements head on, whereas bobsledders enjoy some protection with their equipment. Even tiny mistakes made by the best athletes in the world can cost a medal. Watch Carlos Alcaraz vs Alexander Zverev online free in the US: TV Channel and Live Streaming, Top 10 quarterbacks to watch for the 2023 CFB season. Notifications can be turned off anytime in the browser settings. Just staying on the sled is a feat for a highly trained athlete. Any body positioning mistakes can make athletes less aerodynamic and lead to tiny increases in time that can cost them a medal. Most tracks are around a mile long (1.6 km), and the athletes cover that distance in just under a minute. Record-Breaking Triumphs, Heart-Breaking Failures Highlight Winter Olympics, Olympic Flame Extinguished in Beijing, Italy Waves in Milano Cortina 2026, 25-Year-Old Makes $200/Hour Without a Bachelor's Degree: I Work Less Than 6 Hours a Day', Tech Exec Bob Lee Died on Operating Table With Drugs, Alcohol in His System, Autopsy Shows, San Jose Police Arrest 3 Suspects in Robberies Targeting AAPI Community, Aerosmith Farewell Tour: Band to Play 2 Bay Area Shows. The positioning inside the sled matters because there are different jobs in there. Olympic lugers can ride as fast as 145 kilometers per hour (90 miles per hour). Though, that's relative. Though it may appear that the riders simply slide down the icy track at great speeds after they get going, there is a lot more going on. In addition to simply not having to go as far to cross the finish line, shortening the path means facing less drag from air and losing less speed from friction with the track. Six skeleton medals (two of each colour) are on offer in Beijing, meaning competition for the podium is sure to be fierce. When each gets to the bottom, the slider must reach up and hit an overhead paddle to open the gate at the top, allowing the next slider to go. Read on to discover the main differences between these three highlights of the Winter Olympics. Both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy increase as weight increases, meaning there is more energy in a four-person bobsled team than there is in a one-person luge or skeleton for a given speed. People who only witness the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton once every four years think they are all the same. There are no doubles or team competitions in skeleton, only mens singles and womens singles. But beneath the thrilling descents of the winding, ice-covered track, a myriad of concepts from physics are at play. There is no running start here. The first crewed mission to Mars should be all female. Those are the. Steering can be done either by shifting body weight, using the calves to change the direction of the runners -- the blades that contact the track -- or by pulling on the handles that the slider holds onto. They use their hands to push along the ground to get the sled going at the start of their run. luge, bobsled and skeleton all use the same track, though from different start Each slider gets a total of four runs over two days, with the fastest combined time winning the gold. Though bobsled, luge and skeleton may look easy, in reality they are anything but. There are a total of seventeen bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks around the world in use for competitions in winter bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton, including the Yanqing track in China built to host the 2022 Winter Olympics. Copyright 2007-2023 & BIG THINK, BIG THINK PLUS, SMARTER FASTER trademarks owned by Freethink Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Then they jump on. <> while the women's singles and doubles course is 0.75 miles long (approximately 1,207 meters). The Balto project was a proof of concept, Huson noted, and she hopes to use the same process to explore other historical dogs whose hides have been preserved. Then they jump on. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. His sled finished seventh. Do you know your ice dancing from your pairs skating? Crashing at 90 miles per hour (145 kilometers per hour) on an icy track can be very ugly, and luge athletes often face serious injuries if they come off the sled. Much of the excitement of a luge run is easy to miss the athletes movements are often too small to notice as they fly by looking like nothing more than a blur on your television. Olympic bobsleigh at Beijing 2022: Top five things to know, Olympic luge at Beijing 2022: Top five things to know, Olympic skeleton at Beijing 2022: Top five things to know. In the Olympics, there are four luge events: mens singles, womens singles, doubles and team relay. Competitors slide down an ice track on a sled, feet first, flat on their backs, after an initial start in which they force themselves forward from a sitting posture by putting their hands on the ice. ? MnMM)8j&xn&\:sPy&iD@lERcfCO,u/OGb&+I#J|EX*. And these mistakes are tough to correct at the high accelerations and forces of a run. {notificationOpen=false}, 2000);" x-data="{notificationOpen: false, notificationTimeout: undefined, notificationText: ''}">. In 2010, Georgian Nodar Kumaritashvili died while training for the Vancouver Olympics when he lost control of his sled. Get counterintuitive, surprising, and impactful stories delivered to your inbox every Thursday.

How To Ask For Clarification Politely, Quarter Horse Sperm For Sale, Articles P