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The Congo had a high degree of racial segregation. They favored the takeover of political power by the latter, a policy that succeeded in Rwanda but failed in Burundi. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. The new colony comprised a land bigger than western Europe and seventy-four times larger than Belgium, and belonged to Leopold II as a personal possession. These mandatory identity cards removed the fluidity from the Rwandan stratification (caste) system, thereby confining people permanently as Hutus, Tutsis, and pygmies. The Belgians empowered the Tutsis so much that their exploitation of the Hutu majority reached new heights. Brussels: De Boeck & Larcier, 1998. The French first began colonizing Africa in the 17th century, although they did not start having a significant presence on the continent until the 19th century. When Congo became a sovereign nation on June 30, 1960, this new state was utterly unprepared to handle the enormous problems that it had to face, and it slid into years of chaos, internal disruption (e.g., regional secessions, such as Katanga's), and civil waronly to emerge in 1965 under the Mobutu Sese Seko (19301997) dictatorship, which was to last more than thirty years and thoroughly pillaged the country's enormous riches. Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. In 1865 he succeeded his father, Leopold I, to the Belgian throne. When France, in the early 1880s, started to develop a political hold along the banks of the lower Congo, the AIC (which, in the meantime, had hired the British explorer Henry Morton Stanley (18411904) as its local manager) also began to conclude treaties whereby African chiefs recognized the association's sovereignty. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. King Leopold II of Belgium, frustrated by his nation's lack of international power and prestige, tried to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored Congo Basin. In 1482 the Portuguese navigator Diogo Co became the first European to come to the Congo. Leopold II was absolute ruler of Congo. Available at: http://www.diplomatie.be/fr/archives/archives.asp. Kabilas inability to disarm the Hutu militia and to share power with his former Tutsi allies led to war with his allies. Yet, Leopold personally subscribed to what was sometimes called the "progressive" view of imperialism: That it had a moral justification as a civilizing mission. ." In the Congo, the Belgians created an apartheid-like system between the Europeans (Belgians) living in Congo and the Congolese, thereby marginalizing the Congolese in their own society. Belgium administered these mandates through a system of indirect rule. His rule was brutal and millions of Congolese died as a result. The worst of the genocide took place in 1994 when nearly a million Rwandan citizens (mostly Tutsis and some moderate Hutus) were massacred. On July 14, the United Nations Security Council authorized a force to help to establish order in the Congo, but this force was unable to bring the seceded Katanga province to order. That the Tutsi and Hutu were originally two castes of the same people, speaking a common language, and that the antagonism had been created by Belgian colonial forces for their own purposes, were facts somehow lost in the international dialogue. By the mid-1950s, an independence movement was underway. The colonial authorities also obliged these agriculturalists to produce export crops (e.g., cotton), which made them vulnerable to the ups and downs of world markets. With the exception of Brandenburg-Prussia's short-lived attempt to gain a foothold on the West African coast and to participate in the 17th-century transatlantic slave trade, German colonialism began only in the 1880s. However, one of the main failures of Belgian colonial policy was the choice not to develop an indigenous elite. Congo is a multiethnic country with about two hundred ethnic groups. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Centre d'histoire de l'Afrique de l'universit catholique de Louvain, 1996. Protestant missions were present in the Congo next to Catholic ones, but the latter enjoyed, during most of Belgian rule, a privileged position. There was social mobility (both upward and downward) in this stratified Rwandese society. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (trinit coloniale) of state, missionary and private company interests. Although forced labor, repression, and a "color bar" (a form of racial segregation) persisted till the very end of their domination, the Belgians made serious efforts to promote indigenous wellbeing, particularly during the 1950s, by developing a network of health services and primary schools. Leopold II, French in full Lopold-Louis-Philippe-Marie-Victor, Dutch in full Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor, (born April 9, 1835, Brussels, Belgiumdied December 17, 1909, Laeken), king of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909. With support from a number of Western countries who saw Leopold as a useful buffer between rival colonial powers, Leopold achieved international recognition for the Congo Free State in 1885. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. What are the most attractive personality traits in a man? Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. As the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Congo achieved independence, as the Republic of Congo-Lopoldville in 1960. How many countries did Belgium colonize in Africa? The boundaries of Colonialism, like those of many literary eras, are difficult to draw. In 1960, as the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Congo achieved independence, becoming the Republic of Congo-Lopoldville under Patrice Lumumba and Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. For example, Belgian and other foreign interests engineer these conflicts so they can continue to loot the resources of Africa. The discussion at the Conference, which did not have any African leaders, was meant to split up the continent among the European powers without having to go to war. Belgium created two colonies in Africa: the entities now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly the Republic of Zaire) and the Republic of Rwanda, previously Ruanda-Urundi, a former German African colony that was given to Belgium to administer after the defeat of Germany in World War I. Belgian Congo, French Congo Belge, former colony (coextensive with the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) in Africa, ruled by Belgium from 1908 until 1960. The United States and Belgium provided the money that Mobutu used to bribe the Congolese army to commit treason against their properly elected government. [4], The Free State government exploited the Congo for its natural resources, first ivory and later rubber which was becoming a valuable commodity. No foreign troops were to be allowed on the concession and Guatemalan troops were to garrison two forts that were to be built near the projected new town. Finally, the constant interventions of the Belgians in the affairs of their former colonies of Congo and Rwanda have made ethnic and political rivalries worse. According to one estimate, casualties were as high as 66 percent of the local population. In 1876 Leopold convoked an International Geographic Conference in Brussels, where prominent geographers and explorers were invited. Biafra Revisited. Anticolonialism and nationalism found their way into the Congolese population comparatively lateindeed, not until the second half of the 1950s. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees, tat Indpendant du Congo: Congo Free State. An increasing number of volunteers had joined the public service and the military in the Congo; Belgian Catholic missions had been protected and promoted by the Free State's authorities; the Belgian Parliament had granted loans to the Congo; and important private groups had started investing in colonial enterprises, particularly in 1906. Precolonial Rwanda under the monarchy was highly stratified. ." 1972. After the June 1960 elections, Lumumba became prime minister and Kasavubu the ceremonial president. After the Government assumed direct control, the treatment of the people did improve but only marginally. Under the cloak of humanitarian and scientific interests, he then created successive private organizations, the most important of which was the Association Internationale du Congo (AIC). Encyclopedia.com. This was the situation until King Leopold II of Belgium made the Congo his personal possession, and it became the only colony owned and run by a single individual. Leopold II, an ambitious and enterprising monarch, was fascinated by the Dutch colonial "model" in Java and wanted to enhance his country's grandeur by exploiting a vast colonial domain, destined to enrich the mother country. The so-called Colonial Charter of 1908 set out the main lines of the Belgian colonial system: a rigorous separation between the budgets of the colony and the mother country; a strict parliamentary control of executive power (in order to avoid the excesses of the former Leopoldian despotism); the appointment of a governor-general in Congo, whose powers were strictly limited by the metropolitan authorities; and a tight centralism in the colony itself, where provincial authorities were granted little autonomy. ." Cawthorne, Nigel. In the late 19th century, Belgian engineers were employed on construction of the BeijingHankou Railway, leading the Belgian government to unsuccessfully claim a concession in Hankou (Hankow). Some argued for a gradual shift to self-governance because of the lack of personnel equipped to take over the responsibilities of governance. Nairobi, Kenya: Paulines Publications Africa. The European incursion into the west coast of Africa and the consequent slave raids increased the migrations of refugees into Kongo. Vocabulary. Roughly 98% of Belgium's overseas territory was just one colony (about 76 times larger than Belgium itself) known as the Belgian Congo. During World War I, Britain captured the German holdings, which became a British mandate (1920) under the name Tanganyika Territory. From early April 1994 through mid-July 1994, members, Africa, Modern U.S. Security Policy and Interventions, African American Catholics in the United States (History of), https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/africa-belgian-colonies. . The killing stopped only when Paul Kagame, with the help of Uganda, led a Tutsi army that drove the Hutu-led military into exile in neighboring Congo. Relations among the Congolese peoples during the precolonial period were largely harmonious. Very little money was invested in educationwhich was left to missionaries, mainly Roman Catholic, and consisted of basic literacy and numeracy. The concept of internal colonialism has become so widely used and applied that almost every minority group in the world has b, The 1994 genocide in Rwanda represents one of the clearest cases of genocide in modern history. (art. (Colonizing other peoples, regardless of the justification . The king imposed a harsh labor regime on the Congolese populations in order to extort ever-growing amounts of wild rubber. What has been described as an Apartheid-like system also existed in that the mobility of Africans, but not of Europeans, was restricted and curfews applied to the former. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The period ended after World War I, and by the 1970s most of the European colonies in Africa had become independent. An agreement was reached between the Belgian and Chinese governments in August 1929 to return the concession to China. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Histoire gnrale du Congo: De l'hritage ancien la Rpublique Dmocratique, 2nd ed. Congo, mythes et ralits: 100 ans d'histoire. . On the Congo Free State's own domains, as well as on the vast tracks of land that had been conceded to private companies, brutal and repressive practices took the lives of large numbers of Africansthough exact figures are impossible to establish. Mobutu first escaped to Togo and then to Morocco, where he died a few months later from cancer. With the promise of open trade, Leopold convinced world powers to recognize what eventually became the Association Internationale du Congo (AIC) as the legal authority over a vast territory in the heart of Africa. Following a general analysis of French colonial rule in the AOF, a separate chapter is devoted to each colony. In 1897 a Swedish missionary told a London meeting how Leopolds soldiers were rewarded by the number of Congolese hands they amputated as punishment to native workers for failure to work hard enough. The Belgian colonial administration built some schools, railways, roads, plantations, mines, industrial areas, and airports. However, the Government was not in favor, arguing that this could result in political instability. The term is also applied to a group of nationals wh, c. 1875 In order to wipe out the stain of Leopoldian ill treatment of the African population and gain international respectability, the Belgian authorities tried to turn the Congo into a "model colony." Belgium created two colonies in Africa: the entities now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly the Republic of Zaire) and the Republic of Rwanda, previously Ruanda-Urundi, a former German African colony that was given to Belgium to administer after the defeat of Germany in World War I. The territory was granted independence in 1962, as the separate countries of Rwanda and Burundi in 1962, bringing the Belgian colonial empire to an end. What is the meaning of healthcare system? Encyclopedia.com. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo had extensive urbanization, and the colonial administration began various development programmes aimed at making the territory into a "model colony". Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Poor relations between factions within the Congo, the continued involvement of Belgium in Congolese affairs, and intervention by major parties of the Cold War led to a five-year-long period of war and political instability, known as the Congo Crisis, from 1960 to 1965. Stengers, Jean. It is estimated that millions of Congolese died during this time. These migrations created myriad problems both at the time and in subsequent periods. London: Zed Books, 2002. "Archives Africaines" of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brussels (Archives of the former Belgian Ministry of Colonies). 7 What were the former British colonies in Africa? On many occasions, the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied, and the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers raised by the indigenous population. Belgium created two colonies in Africa: the entities now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly the Republic of Zaire) and the Republic of Rwanda , previously Ruanda-Urundi, a former German African colony that was given to Belgium to administer after the defeat of Germany in World War I . Political instability created by tension between clan and central leadership in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, and tribal rivalry leading to genocide in Rwanda are at least in part the result of a colonial legacy that took far more from Africa than it gave. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Belgian native policy, which had rigidified the ethnic boundaries between Tutsi and Hutu and consequently had exacerbated the ethnic identity of these groups, was largely responsible for the intensification of ethnic rivalry between these groups after the end of foreign rule. [15] By the 1950s the Congo had a wage labour force twice as large as that in any other African colony.[16]. Under Egypt 's Pharaoh Amasis (570-526 BC) a Greek mercantile colony was established at Naucratis, some 50 miles from the later Alexandria. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which seven European countries placed virtually all of Africa under European control between 1880 and 1900?, What reforms did Muhammad Ali introduce during a 30-year reign in Egypt, What did Boers believe was ordained by God in relation to racial differences and more. Belgian authorities were caught practically unprepared by the sudden wave of black political activism, and subsequently engaged in a process of "precipitous decolonization." For information concerning the period prior to that date, see Low Countries, history of. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article The economic system of the kingdom was organized into guilds based on agriculture and handicraft industries. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Belgium controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the Belgian Congo (modern DRC) from 1908 to 1960 and Ruanda-Urundi (modern Rwanda and Burundi) from 1922 to 1962.It also had small concessions in Guatemala (1843-1854) and in China (1902-1931) and was a co-administrator of the Tangier International Zone in Morocco. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Davidson, Basil. Contents1 How did Belgium colonize Africa?2 Was [] These kingdoms, especially the Kingdom of Kongo, were comparably wealthy, and when the standard of living is high, people tend to get along well. Tyrants: Historys 100 Most Evil Despots and Dictators. Mobutu and his supporters were so corrupt and stole so much money from the Congolese people that his government was described as a kleptocracy, or government by thieves. Why did they cut off hands in the Congo? Christian missionaries were very successful in the Congo, where the Catholic Church is one of the largest in Africa (approximately 30 million members, or 55 percent of the population). Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. 5 How did Belgium maintain power in Congo? In 2006 a new constitution was written and approved for the Third Republic, and elections were conducted with Joseph Kabila emerging as victorious. The people, although classified as Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa, essentially spoke the same language. 40). The Belgians even took the few leadership positions that the Hutus had and gave them to the Tutsis. This conflict has been labeled Africas war. Although fighting stopped in 1999, rebel groups continued their attacks on defenseless civilians and the Congolese central government. Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. It also had small concessions in Guatemala (18431854) and in China (19021931) and was a co-administrator of the Tangier International Zone in Morocco. Their regime in the Congo used forced labour, and murder and mutilation on indigenous Congolese who did not fulfill quotas for rubber collections. [6], A sharp reduction of the population of the Congo through excess deaths occurred in the Free State period but estimates of the deaths toll vary considerably. Lumumba was assassinated within a few months of becoming Prime Minister. But in 1965, after ruling from behind the scenes for four years, Mobutu finally overthrew Kasavubu in a coup widely believed to be sponsored by the CIA. Encyclopedia.com. The Belgian concession was proclaimed on 7 November 1900 and spanned some 100 hectares (250 acres). The Belgians, in turn, gave the Tutsis privileged positions in politics, education, and business. Millions of Congolese died during this time. Their refusal led Leopold to create a state under his own personal rule. It was designated as a United Nations trust territory, still under Belgian administration, until 1962, when it developed into the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi. In 2001, when Kabila was assassinated by one of his bodyguards, he was succeeded by General Joseph Kabila, his son. His regime in the Congo operated as a forced labor colony, with murder and mutilation as punishment for villagers who did not collect and supply the rubber quota they were given. Leopold II became known as the "Butcher of the Congo," where millions of Africans died as a result of the brutality of his rule. N'Daywel Nziem, Isidore. ." He proclaimed himself king-sovereign of Congo Free State at a time when France, Britain, Portugal, and Germany also had colonies in the area. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. "Africa: Belgian Colonies Africa: History of a Continent, rev. [11], Although the Congo Free State was not a Belgian colony, Belgium was its chief beneficiary in terms of trade and the employment of its citizens. GENEALOGY OF THE TERM DECOLONIZATION In 1876 he commissioned Sir Henry Morton Stanleys expedition to explore the Congo region. King Leopold II and the Belgians extend their military rule over the much desired Congo Basin in Central Africa. Conditions in the colonies did improve after the Belgian government assumed direct control after 1908. Seven days later, Moise Tshombe, the provisional president of Katanga, in a move instigated by the Belgians, declared the mineral-rich Katanga province an independent country. It was established by the Belgian . ." 2023
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