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Four major Striga species were identified: Striga hermonthica in sorghum or maize; Striga aspera in rice; Striga densiflora in pearl millet and fallow and Striga gesnerioides in cowpea. The level of infestation of cereal fields by S. hermonthica was in the order of Sudan savanna > Northern Guinea > Southern Guinea. Vegetation zones in Nigeria As mentioned in the previous lesson, Nigeria is a state of forests and savannas. These are the Mangrove Swamp, Rainforest, Derived savanna, Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna and Sahel savanna zones. In the Sudan savanna, early season and terminal drought conditions are almost an annual event (Onyibe et al., 2006). Other plants that can be found in the Sahel savanna region include plants like leptodenia, balanites, panicum, date palsete, Pennisetum, stipoides, and many others. The Guinea savanna in Nigeria is known to be home to farmers of rice. Vegetation belts in Nigeria reflect the tight link between the vegetation and the countrys climate: Below there is the map of Nigeria showing vegetation belts. The states of Niger, Kaduna, Adamawa, Bauchi, and Gombe are found in the Nigerian Guinea savannah. The Sudan extends in some 5,000 km in a band several hundred kilometres wide across Africa. However, as the ecoregion is vast, plant endemism per unit area is low. Both blocks of the ecoregion closely resemble the West Sudanian Savanna ecoregion in habitat and species composition. These two broad belts of vegetation are however broken down into smaller belts. It lies between latitudes 19.06 0 N and 10.05 0 N and longitudes 5.32 0 E and 10.10 0 E at an altitude range of 250m and 461m. Register or login to make commenting easier. Sudan, the vast tract of open savanna plains extending across Africa between the southern limits of the Sahara (desert) and the northern limits of the equatorial rain forests. With the first rains appear juicy shoots of young grass and green leaves. Much of the Sudanian savanna region is used in the form of parklands, where useful trees, such as shea, baobab, locust-bean tree and others are spared from cutting, while sorghum, maize, millet or other crops are cultivated beneath. Vegetation refers to the plants that can be found in a particular geographical location. Federal Department of Forestry. [2], The Sudanian savanna is one of the three distinct physiographic provinces of the larger African Massive division. Chief Scientist, UNEP-WCMC (UN Environment Program World Conservation Monitoring Center). Groups of trees such as the drought-resistant kaya, Isoberlinia, Mitragina feature here. These are the Mangrove Swamp, Rainforest, Derived savanna, Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna and Sahel savanna zones. Sudan Savanna Below there is the map of Nigeria showing vegetation belts. Bauchi is situated in northeastern Nigeria in the Sudan (dry) Savanna, a belt of vegetation that extends from Senegal to Sudan (Hepburn and Radloff, 1998). Trees with a height of 40-45 m form the first upper tier. During the dry season, some trees shed their leaves. PAY ATTENTION: Click See First under the Following tab to see Legit.ng News on your Facebook News Feed! Various species of elephant grass dominate in this area. Examples of plants you will see in this vegetation are Ngibbi, Leptadenia, Acacia raddiana, and African myrrh etc. Other states include parts of Kogi, Kaduna and Benue. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Vegetation ranges from semidesert steppe and thorn scrub near the Sahara through vast grass plains, loosely termed savannas, to parkland country where low trees grow among tall grasses, and savanna forest that merges ultimately into equatorial rain forest. The savanna, especially Guinea and Sudan, are the major grains, grasses, tubers, vegetable and cotton growing regions. Normally, there are periodic droughts and food shortages in the Sahel savanna due to a lack of adequate rainfall in the region. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 116(3-4), 251-254. There are a good number of protected areas, however, many are not adequately enforced or policed. Farther away from the inhabited places we can find a scaly anteater and large buffalo herds graze. A smaller vegetation namely the isolated mountain vegetation of the high plateau regions can also be identified. 2Department of Crop and Soil Science, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, P.M.B. 401 Figure 1: Nigeria's National Parks Key to National Parks Map S/N. Freshwater is abundant in this area. The flagship species of the East Sudanian Savanna ecoregion is the giant eland. The East Sudanian savanna is the eastern half of the Sudanian savanna belt which runs east and west across Africa. West to East zonation patterns in Nigeria is characterized by the clear transition between one belt and another. . Generally, the natural conditions of the Sudan savanna make it suitable for crops and the rearing of animals. All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. Savanna or Sudan climate is a transitional type of climate found between the equatorial forests & trade wind hot deserts. Sudan Savanna: This vegetation belt is found in Sokoto, Kastina, Kaduna, Kano, Dutse, Bauchi, etc. These zones are further subdivided into three each, for a total of six vegetation zones. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Giraffe. The vegetation of Nigeria is diverse, in the far north and east, where there is almost no rain, the so-called Sahel (deserted) extends. White, F. 1983. Once, a significant part of the territory was covered with dense tropical rainforests. The rays of the sun almost do not penetrate through the dense green canopy formed by woody crowns. The gently sloping areas of this region are perfect for cash crops since the area receives sufficient rainfall throughout the year. And then the dry season lasts more than six to seven months. In the forests the antelope dik-dik is found, its weight is about 3 kg. This vegetation type covers Nigerian states such as Kaduna state, Oyo state, Enugu state, Anambra state, Edo state,and Ondo state. The empire was replaced by numerous black kingdoms, including the Mossi-Dagomba states, the Bambara kingdoms of Sgou and Kaarta, Bornu, and the small Hausa states that were later conquered by the Muslim Fulani early in the 19th century. This is the reason why the grasses and the plants in the region are always short. Relative to the dryness of the climate, there is no tsetse fly here. The plots of these savannas alternate with the park savannas and border the banks of the rivers with gallery forests. The places, which were stabilized and are non-salt-marsh are suitable for growing of rice. Sudan Savanna Of Nigeria M. ISMAILA D. D. DANAZUMI Department of Agricultural Technology, Yobe State College of Agriculture Gujba, P.M.B. "Please don't do this": Private sector begs Buhari as FG announces new taxes. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. There are many vegetation zones in Nigeria, but we will look at the major vegetation zones, as seen in many parts of the country. This vegetation zone can be seen from the Niger-Benin Republic border. Five bird species are considered endemic, including two strict endemics, Reichenow's firefinch and Foxs weaver. This type of Savannah is found in the northern belt of the country. These zones are defined by the prevalent climatic conditions in the areas they occupy, with each being suitable for different economic activities. In the Guinea and Sudan savannas of Nigeria, the length of the growing season depends on the first rain, which is highly variable 12. In the Sahel savanna, animals like antelope, Buffalo, elephants, bush cows, and others can be found. Click See First under the Following tab to see Legit.ng News on your Facebook News Feed! Plants such as Acacia raddiana, African myth, Ngibbi, and Leptadenia can be found growing here. The principal rivers include the Sngal and the Niger, draining to the Atlantic, and the Nile and its tributaries, which derive much of their water from areas beyond the Sudan region. Crop cultivation in this vegetation zone is nearly impossible due to the amount of rainfall recover yearly. Postprocedural Hyperparathyroidism Icd-10, The Sudan Savanna provides an excellent environment for agriculture and animal farming in the Northen part of the country. Some of the zones are significantly larger than others, with some being more human-friendly than others. The states of Borno and Yobe are in this vegetation zone. In the north of the forest zone the annual amount of precipitation does not exceed 1600 mm, the conditions for forest growth are deteriorating. It forms a transitional zone between the belt of humid savannas to the south and the predominantly arid Sahara Desert to the north. This vegetation area is characterized by tall trees. The trees here grow up to a height of about 15m. A field survey was conducted to ascertain the extent of infestation by Striga spp. Many of the people are Muslims. Giant eland are less susceptible to poachers than other more sedentary and less wary antelope species, but have been almost completely eliminated from Sudan. They hardly grow higher than 10m and are prone to destruction by cultivation, clearing and bush burning. The three zones are considered to be of high potential for growing soybean [6]. Havana without baobabs. This vegetation type is found in the middle of the country. Some features of this site may not work without it. The tropical conditions of the south are favorable for the growth of trees. Herds of elephants roam these savannas in Chad, Central African Republic and . As a result, Nigeria has different vegetation, each of which has unique features. The entire Niger Delta region features this type of vegetation. The Niger Delta is widely considered one of the richest ecosystems in the world. Your email address will not be published. vegetation-type known as derived savanna. There are three major savannahs in Nigeria. This is because the dry grass is being burned, which is done yearly to prepare the land for crops. Other trees that one can find in the Guinea savanna include Afzelia Africana, slide, vitex doniana, hymenocardia, and Daniellia oliveri. Nigerian savanna awakens. Infestation of crop fields by Striga species in the savanna zones of northeast Nigeria. About 68% of all fields sampled were infested, about 75% of compound fields and 60% of bush fields. So how familiar are you with these vegetation zones in Nigeria? Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. Status of pH, Available Sulphur, Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen on Some Small Holders Farms in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria November 1, 2020 Posted by: RSIS The dried seeds of cowpea provide an inexpensive source of protein in The annual rainfall is as high as 1,000 mm in the south, but declines to the north with only 600 mm found on the border with the Sahelian Acacia Savanna. Temperatures are generally high throughout the year. Click the button below to launch One Earth's interactive navigator and discover your Bioregion! The black rhinoceros will be re-introduced in Chad after being extirpated from this ecoregion decades ago along with the northern white rhino. However, there are still other minor vegetation zones. 4. Various mangrove vegetation in Nigeria is sustained due to the condition of the Saline Water. Here, short grass abounds but trees are much fewer than that of the Guinea Savannah. They include Dinder National Park in Sudan, Radom and Boma National Parks in South Sudan, as well as Zakouma National Park in Chad, Manovo-Gounda-Saint Floris and Bamingui-Bangoran National Parks in Central African Republic, Gambella National Park in Ethiopia, and Mount Kei Wildlife Sanctuary in Uganda. This zone is characterized by a short rainy season and a long, intensely dry season. In the middle of this season, a smoke screen rises over the savanna: the dry grass burns, which is burned from year to year with the purpose of preparing the land for crops. Freshwater swamp forests areas are easily distinguished by their intense vegetation and network of lagoons and creeks. Nigeria has six vegetation zones, each with unique definitive characteristics. Just as the climate and temperature are not the same in every part of the country, so are the plants and animals that live in that environment. African Tribe: The Dinka People Of South Sudan. This vegetation zone is one of the worlds most productive ecosystems. Farmers in the Nigeria savannas plant soybean between. These trees are classified into the top, middle and lower layers based on the level of the forest where they exist. The animals in the savanna region of Nigeria also serve as meat for us. Top 8, 3 Reasons Why You Should Be Camping More Often, What to Expect from IB Past Papers: An Overview of Format and Content, What to invest in and what are the advantages of cryptocurrency. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Between the rain forest and the Guinea Savanna is a modified vegetation transition consisting of light deciduous forest and derive d savanna (Figure 2.2). UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY Amusa, T.O., Bada, S.O. The Sudan savanna is home to grazing animals. Feinstein Wildfire Bill, It includes tropical forests in high mountains and multi-tiered tropical rainforests that are reserved. The Sudan savanna is a type of savanna found in Nigeria. Man under fire after sharing photo of his kitchen on Twitter, people react, Buhari, Gowon, others eulogize Osinbajo as 25 journalists present publication in VP's honour. This area is characterized by sand, mud, and silt materials. The lower layer species are the undergrowth vegetation and have the highest density possible. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It is distinguished from the Sudan savanna because it has more trees whereas the Sudan few trees. The outcome of this fire is the obvious appearance of the trees in the region. [5], https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudanian_savanna&oldid=1152607023, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 07:19. For the purposes of this article, the Arid Zone of Northern Nigeria, North Gameroons and the Sudan may be broadly delimited as those parts of these countries lying between the latitudes 12 to 16 N and the longitudes 5 to 35 E (Fig. Rice is a weak competitor against weeds and the majority of African farmers have few options and resources available for effective weed control. This paper performed the physicochemical and proximate analysis of the extracts isolated from Citrus sinensis from Dutsinma local government area of Katsina state in Nigeria. Montane vegetation in Nigeria (mountain and plateaus vegetation) is not very developed due to the reason of low average temperatures and the significant impact of animals and man. Here, short grass abounds but trees are much fewer than that of the Guinea Savannah. Treatments consisted of two rice varieties (Faro 44 and Faro 52), three herbicides namely BRACER, BRACERPLUS and NOMINEEGOLD. The soil of BUK site was sandy loam of the pH 6.5, Organic matter content 7.9 g kg-1 The Sudan Savannah zone is found in the Northwest stretching from the Sokoto plains in the West, through the Northern sections of the Central highland. This means that vegetation is the type of plant that covers a particular area. The Sudan Savannah is a wide belt of tropical savanna running across Africa south of the Sahel, separated into east and west ecoregions by the Cameroon Highlands. The trees there are lower and are not so diverse. In guinea savannah, you will mostly see elephant grass. IITA is the lead research partner facilitating agricultural solutions for hunger and poverty in the tropics. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. Here, the grass grows so tall that it could cover a person, and big animals can easily hide in them. The top layer of trees consists of a great number of plants that grow higher than 30 meters. Sudan Savanna In Nigeria, And then the dry season lasts more than six to seven months. A freshwater swamp forest is defined as a forest that is inundated with freshwater as a permanent, irregular, or seasonal condition. This is a result of the extremely hot weather. The Sudans mean annual rainfall varies between 10 inches (250 mm) in the north and 60 inches (1,500 mm) in the south, with the hottest months usually from June to September and with a pronounced, and often very prolonged, dry season. Savanna or Sudan climate is a transitional type of climate found between the equatorial forests & trade wind hot deserts. These comprise the Short Grass Savannah, Woodlands, and Marginal Savannah. This vegetation zone can be likened to the storehouse of biological diversity that serves as a suitable habitat for plants and some rare, endangered animals. Required fields are marked *. The freshwater swamp forest is the smallest vegetation region in Nigeria. The term derives from the Arabic bild al-sdn (land of the black peoples) and has been in use from at least the 12th century. The people of the Sudan are predominantly black, and, though these people are primarily Bantu-speaking, there is also a considerable admixture of Arabic- and Berber-speaking peoples, the degree of their influence decreasing westward and southward toward the Gulf of Guinea. This is grassland zone but the slopes are covered by forests. Vegetation Zones In Nigeria And Their Characteristics, What Countries have Temperate Climates? The soil in this vegetation is very salty and extremely unsuitable for plant growth. The climate is tropical and strongly seasonal. Also, the wood from the trees in the savanna is used to build yam barns and fence the rural areas. The freshwater is supplied by inland rivers and rainfalls. The desert region in the north is followed southeastward by semidesert, low-rainfall and high-rainfall savanna (grassland) with inland floodplains, and mountain vegetation regions. [2], The Sudanian savanna is characterized by the coexistence of trees and grasses. A section of Taraba State is in this region. This type of vegetation is dependent on the coastal location of the zone. Forest trees such as Kaya, iroko, Obeche, Opepe are useful in construction and as ornamental pieces. Parasitism of crop plants by Striga species is a major constraint in the savanna zones of West Africa. The Sudan Savannah is a wide belt of tropical savanna running across Africa south of the Sahel, separated into east and west ecoregions by the Cameroon Highlands. This vegetation can be seen in the coastal region of southern Nigeria. Almoravid attacks in the 11th century reduced its power and led to its replacement by the Mali, or Mandingo, empire, centred on the upper Niger River. The annual precipitation is poor, and the wet season lasts 3 to 4 months, so the vegetation of this zone is rare and the present grasses are extremely short. These vegetation are affected by climatic conditions, the areas physical attributes, and the environments temperature. In Nigeria, the observable or well-known geographical features include the Obudu Plateau, Adamawa highlands, Jos Plateau, Mambilla Plateau, the Niger Delta basin, the Niger River and River Benue. This type of area is good for rice farming, especially in areas that are stabilized and dont have a lot of salt marsh. Here is what we know, 2023 presidency: Peter Obi talks tough, insists on reclaiming mandate, "Roof-tearing and heartwarming": Talented children do tough break dance invented by Michael Jackson, "What am I seeing?" The Sudan extends for more than 3,500 miles (5,500 km) west-to-east across Africa from Cape Verde on the Atlantic to the highlands of Ethiopia and the Red Sea, and between about latitudes 8 and 16 N. It borders the Sahara on the north and extends southward to the forests of West Africa and the Congo River basin. Camels graze on young shoots of these bushes, while leaves are used by the local people for preparing the traditional medicine. Image credit: Fatayaka, Creaitve Commons. The trees are usually tall and in the middle layer of this vegetation the tree has branches and has an average height of 30m. The vegetation in the Sahel savanna is always dry. What Time Zone Is Asia Pacific, And it is suitable for rearing grazing animals like cattle and sheep. The annual rainfall is as high as 1,000 mm in the south, but declines to the north with only 600 mm found on the border with the Sahelian Acacia Savanna. dry and wooded savanna, south of the Sahel. Areas covered by this vegetation type receive little rainfall to support plant growth. INTRODUCTION. Vegetation usually depends on the climate zones of the country. It is good for arable farming where cattle, sheep, and goats graze on vast pastures. Camels willingly eat young shoots of these bushes, while leaves are used in folk medicine. The leaves of the candelabra-shaped pandanus are a perfect material for weaving mats and baskets. Also, some parts of this vegetation zone are covered with low, dense grass. There is almost no green vegetation there. The reason these crops are suitable to be grown in the Sudan savanna is that they do not require much rainfall. in the east Nigeria share border with Cameroon and Chad and in the east in the west, Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin, and in the north, a border was shared with the Niger Republic. Late-round Rookie Dynasty Sleepers 2021, It is a common site to see herds of sheep, cattle and goats grazing on the vast pastures. As much as the soil in the region has limited organic matter and a rough-looking surface, this can be managed by the application of organic and inorganic manure or fertilizer. This plateau vegetation can be seen in places like Jos Plateau and Obudu in Cross River state. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The mangrove swamp forest region occupies much of Nigeria's southern coast. [4], The Sudanian savanna is used by both pastoralists and farmers. It is a common sight for fire outbreaks to occur in the Sahel savanna. The Guinea Savannah features a large mixture of trees and grass. Large herds can be found only in reserves and parks, especially on the Bauchi plateau, in the Yankari reserve. This zone is potentially perfect for growing of rich crops of different vegetables and small grain crops, and just a good place for pastures. Mali in turn was overthrown during the latter part of the 15th century by the expansion of the Songhai, or Gao, empire, which developed from Berber settlements established on the lower Niger as early as the 7th century. The six are split from the broader savannah and forest ecological regions. [3], Many large mammals are native to the Sudanian savanna, including African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), northern giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer brachyceros), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus) cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Almost half of the territory of Nigeria is occupied by a moist, so-called Guinean high-grass savanna. This broad classification of vegetation can be further subdivided into smaller units based on variations in their nature and the amount of rainfall received which reduces as one moves further upwards towards the north from the coastal areas. Phosphorus was applied at rate of 0 or 20 kg P ha 1. Tropical forests are perfect environment for climbing animals, it concerns monkeys, many different kinds of monkeys, baboons, lemurs. Omissions? The trees in the Guinea savanna are also deciduous with obvious hard barks. It supports a large number of migrant bird species such as the Grey Heron, white-necked stork, Green Fruit Pigeon, etc. The World Wide Fund for Nature divides the Sudanian savanna into two ecoregions, separated by the Mandara Mountains. And here there are various types of acacia, which give the landscape a unique appearance. This blog post serves as a guide to the countrys different vegetation zones and their distinguishing characteristics. Natural conditions of the Sudan Savannah are favorable for crop cultivation and animal rearing. The grass in the wild areas of this zone is quite tall, often exceeding five feet. The Jos plateau is one of the highest points in Nigeria. The zone is slightly wetter than the Sahel Savannah and receives between 500 and 1000 mm of rainfall each year. The savanna aside from being home to animals also serves as the site for tourist attractions. Vegetation reflects environmental conditions, so we need to be very attentive to the changes, especially radical ones. We have been able to cover the notable vegetation zones in the country. Here is a look at the different Nigerian vegetation zones and their characteristics. Central Africa Biodiversity Conservation Programme Protecting Central Africas Elephants Appraisal Report. The Guinea Savannah is the largest vegetation zone in Nigeria, covering almost half of the country's landmass. These plants are usually determined by the environmental conditions and climate of the area in question. Sahel Savanna This savanna is known for its desert vegetation. In Nigeria, the main economic activities in this zone include cattle and sheep rearing as well as come crop farming. The level of infestation was 60% in southern Guinea, 68% in Sudan and 74% in northern Guinea savanna. Historically, the name was understood to denote the western part of the Sahel region. Image credit: Charles J Sharp, Creative Commons. In the rivers, a very rare mammal is found it is a sea cow. Ondo, Kwara, Osun, and Oyo states, some Southwestern states are the states where the Guinea savanna can be found in Nigeria. Full Nigeria postal code list for all 36 states (table), How to win a girls heart: 15 simple ways to get the girl of your dreams, How to use NIMC tracking ID 2022: Complete guide to the portal, What does "slay" mean on social media? From the countrys north to the south, different temperatures, weather conditions, and other geographical factors cause variation in vegetation. The protection level indicates the percentage of the GSN goal that is currently protected on a scale of 0-10. Want to learn more about the fascinating species, diverse ecosystems, and natural wonders of the Earth? You can also find farmers and nomadic farmers who rear livestock such as goats, sheep, and cattle. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. 4. And this is responsible for the low vegetation in these areas. The trees are also thorny. The Sudan savannah is a type of vegetation in the north of the Guinea savanna. It is defined as the ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian savanna to the south. From Arab historians something is known of some of the powerful states that were established by military rule, the largest and most enduring of which were associated in the western Sudan with the termini of the desert trade routes. This is the largest vegetation zone in Nigeria, covering almost half of the country's landmass. In the depressions of the relief, on the shores of freshwater lagoons, on the internal marshes and in the delta of the Niger (where salt water does not penetrate), the appearance of the forest is different. Blazin' Fiddles North, The parts of the grasses below the ground are unaffected and they sprout and grow during the rainy season. On the other side of Lake Chad, on the contrary, reeds and papyrus grow thickly. The western block stretches from the Nigeria/Cameroon border through Chad and the Central African Republic to western Sudan.

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