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The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Corrections? In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. View original page. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Szczepanski, Kallie. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. Szczepanski, Kallie. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Chien-lung The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. 22 Feb. 2023 . Encyclopedia.com. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. As one Qing official complained:[9]. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects.

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