political organisation of the acholiwhat causes chills after knee replacement surgery

Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any Occasional Paper no. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. (1991). Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. NRA in 1986. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. Anywa Adhola of as dialects of Acholi. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. 2.4. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. Omissions? Okot p'Bitek (1971). Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Industrial Arts. ." The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". majority peasant population. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka and created larger political Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. identity is rather disputed. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi He was defeated in January 1986. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Jur Alur "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Orientation The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. 1679-1914." Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. 20- He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. (1976). One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. p. 41). that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Political Organization. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. Webster, J. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Political Organization. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end The account of the Acholi reaching Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Girling, F. K. (1960). Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. southern part of the country relatively young. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. When conflict did Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Orientation Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. B. Webster, eds. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. As droughts and became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. While rwodi, Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. with the British was through Samuel Baker. With colonial rule into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Organizational Politics. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Political Organization. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. Identification. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Orientation As some of these languages show some form It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Corrections? fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. into the independence era. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. authority of a district commissioner. Marriage. The Population Geography of Acholi District. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. (February 23, 2023). from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. B. K. (1994). Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. The The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). Identification and Location. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . - CORE against the central government. deaths. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. (1988). others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Encyclopedia.com. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. Religious Beliefs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Certain rwodi and During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Death and Afterlife. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). . This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the Linguistic Affiliation. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. "Land Tenure in Acholi." [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Due to its central location and the close The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." Subsistence and Commercial Activities. London: James Currey. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds.

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